Doble tormenta tiroidea y arrítmica en una gestante con múltiples taquicardias refractarias mediadas por un haz de kent intermitente ablacionado exitosamente

La tormenta tiroidea es un estado crítico y poco frecuente que condiciona la disfunción de múltiples órganos por el efecto del exceso de las hormonas tiroideas, esta disfunción endócrina tiene una elevada mortalidad y genera manifestaciones típicas como la taquicardia, fiebre, alteraciones gastrointestinales, cardiovasculares y del sistema nervioso central. El embarazo se ha asociado con un incremento en la incidencia de arritmias. Necesitan un tratamiento inmediato con drogas antiarrítmicas, cardioversión eléctrica o cesárea de urgencia. El WPW es una anormalidad cardiaca congénita que consiste en la presencia de un haz anómalo (Haz de Kent) que evita el sistema normal de conducción uniendo directamente aurículas y ventrículos. Veremos el caso de una gestante de 32 semanas que presenta un cuadro de tormenta tiroidea y múltiples episodios de taquicardia paroxística supraventricular (TPS), de tórpida y sombría evolución clínica mediada por un haz anómalo de Kent intermitente. Es evidente que la tormenta tiroidea en el contexto de la gestación produjo cambios en las propiedades electrofisiológicas del haz anómalo de Kent intermitente lo cual propició el desarrollo de múltiples taquicardias paroxísticas supraventriculares refractarias a la cardioversión eléctrica y farmacológica. Tampoco mejoró con la tiroidectomía total, solamente cedió por completo con la ablación por catéter de radiofrecuencia del haz anómalo de Kent.

Thyroid storm is a critical and infrequent state that conditions the dysfunction of multiple organs due to the effect of excess thyroid hormones. This endocrine dysfunction has a high mortality and generates typical manifestations such as tachycardia, fever, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and heart disorders, and the central nervous system. Pregnancy has been associated with an increased incidence of arrhythmias. They need immediate treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs, electrical cardioversion, or emergency caesarean section. WPW is a congenital cardiac abnormality that consists of the presence of an abnormal bundle (Kent bundle) that prevents the normal conduction system, directly joining the atria and ventricles. We will see the case of a 32-week pregnant woman who presented symptoms of thyroid storm and multiple episodes of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PST), with a torpid clinical course mediated by an abnormal intermittent Kent bundle. It is evident that the thyroid storm in the context of pregnancy produced changes in the electrophysiological properties of the intermittent Kent bundle, which led to the development of multiple PST refractory to electrical and pharmacological cardioversion. Moreover, it also did not improve with total thyroidectomy, only resolved completely with radiofrequency catheter ablation of the Kent bundle.

Algunos elementos de interés acerca del diagnóstico y tratamiento de la tormenta tirotóxica / Some elements of interest about the diagnosis and treatment of thyrotoxic storm

Introducción: La tormenta tirotóxica se produce por la liberación repentina y rápida de hormonas tiroideas al torrente sanguíneo. Constituye la complicación más peligrosa de la tirotoxicosis. Objetivo: Describir los principales elementos de interés acerca del diagnóstico y del tratamiento de la tormenta tirotóxica. Métodos: Se utilizaron como motores de búsqueda los correspondientes a las bases de datos Google Académico, Pubmed y SciELO. Las palabras clave utilizadas fueron: tormenta tirotóxica, tormenta tiroidea, tirotoxicosis, hipertiroidismo, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Se evaluaron y se incluyeron los trabajos de revisión, de investigación y las páginas web que tuvieran menos de 10 años de publicados y que por el título trataban el tema de estudio. Fueron excluidos los artículos que no estuvieran en idioma español, portugués o inglés. En total 34 artículos fueran referenciados. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico es eminentemente clínico y se realiza por la detección de factores desencadenantes. Se suma la exacerbación del cuadro clínico de tirotoxicosis previamente existente, el cual afecta a varios sistemas del organismo como consecuencia del aumento de las hormonas tiroideas circulantes. Lo ideal es prevenir la tormenta tirotóxica, aunque ya establecido el tratamiento no se debe retrasar la terapia de la causa desencadenante y de la causa específica. Deberá estar encaminada a reducir la síntesis y la secreción de las hormonas tiroideas y a minimizar las acciones periféricas de estas. Deberán emplearse diferentes fármacos y otras medidas terapéuticas para tratar las complicaciones sistémicas para complementar el tratamiento(AU)

Introduction: Thyrotoxic storm is caused by the sudden and rapid release of thyroid hormones into the bloodstream. It is the most dangerous complication of thyrotoxicosis. Objective: Describe some elements of interest about the diagnosis and treatment of thyrotoxic storm. Methods: Search engines corresponding to Google Scholar, Pubmed and SciELO databases were used. The keywords used were: thyrotoxic storm; thyroid storm; thyrotoxicosis; hyperthyroidism; diagnosis and treatment. The review papers, research papers and web pages, which in general, had less than 10 years of publication and that by the title dealt with the subject of study were evaluated and included. Articles that were not in Spanish, Portuguese or English were excluded. A total of 34 articles were referenced. Conclusions: The diagnosis is eminently clinical and is made by the detection of triggers, to which is added the exacerbation of the clinical picture of thyrotoxicosis previously existing, which affects several systems of the body as a result of the circulating thyroid hormones increase. The ideal is to prevent the thyrotoxic storm; although if the treatment is already established, the therapy of the triggering cause and the specific cause should not be delayed. It should be aimed at reducing the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones and minimizing their peripheral actions. Different drugs and other therapeutic measures should be used to treat systemic complications to complement treatment(AU)

Thyroid storm and therapeutic plasma exchange. case report / Thyroid storm and therapeutic plasma exchange. Case report

ABSTRACT Introduction: Thyroid storm is a life-threatening condition caused by an elevated release of T3 and T4. Its incidence is 0.20/100 000 inhabitants, with reported mortality rates of up to 30%. Due to its refractory nature, few therapeutic options are available, but plasma exchange is considered a potentially useful strategy for its treatment. Case presentation: A 17-year-old female patient was admitted to the emergency department of a tertiary care institution due to the onset of symptoms approximately 25 days before consultation, consisting of palpitations, dyspnea at rest, orthopnea, chest and abdominal pain, asthenia, adynamia, dizziness, headache, and liquid stools. In addition, the patient had a history of hyperthyroidism treated on an outpatient basis. Thyroid storm was diagnosed considering the symptoms and a score of 65 on the Burch-Wartofsky scale. As a result, the patient was admitted to the hospital, and pharmacological management was initiated, although no improvement was achieved. On the third day of hospitalization, her condition deteriorated and she had a seizure, which led to consider a refractory thyroid storm. This condition was satisfactorily treated with plasma exchange as a bridge therapy prior to emergency thyroidectomy. Conclusion: Plasma exchange therapy allows a rapid removal of thyroid hormones. Although its implementation is not widely disseminated in clinical practice guidelines, there is evidence of a decrease in the risk of perioperative complications and a successful evolution after its use as a bridge therapy before performing thyroidectomy in patients with refractory thyroid storm.

RESUMEN Introducción. La tormenta tiroidea es una afectación orgánica severa que se produce por la liberación de triyodotironina (T3) y tiroxina (T4). Su incidencia es de 0.20 casos por cada 100 000 habitantes y puede conllevar a una mortalidad de hasta el 30%. Esta es una entidad refractaria para la cual existen pocas opciones terapéuticas, siendo la terapia de intercambio plasmático una estrategia potencialmente útil para su manejo. Presentación del caso. Paciente femenina de 17 años quien ingresó al servicio de urgencias de una institución de tercer nivel de atención por un cuadro clínico de aproximadamente 25 días de evolución consistente en palpitaciones, disnea en reposo, ortopnea, dolor torácico y abdominal, astenia, adinamia, mareo, cefalea y deposiciones líquidas; como antecedentes presentaba hipertiroidismo en manejo ambulatorio. Dada la sintomatología y gracias a que se obtuvo un puntaje de 65 en la escala de Burch-Wartofsky, se diagnosticó tormenta tiroidea, se dio orden de hospitalización y se inició manejo farmacológico, con el cual no se logró una mejoría. Al tercer día de hospitalización la joven presentó deterioro clínico continuo y un episodio convulsivo, por lo que se consideró tormenta tiroidea refractaria que fue tratada satisfactoriamente con terapia de intercambio plasmático como terapia puente previo a tiroidectomía total de urgencia. Conclusión. La terapia de intercambio plasmático permite una rápida remoción de las hormonas tiroideas y, aunque su implementación no es ampliamente difundida por las guías de práctica clínica, existe evidencia que demuestra una disminución en el riesgo de complicaciones perioperatorias y una evolución exitosa tras su uso como terapia puente previo a tiroidectomía en pacientes con tormenta tiroidea refractaria.

Tormenta tiroidea durante el embarazo: reporte de caso / Thyroid storm in pregnancy: A case report

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: La tormenta tiroidea es una complicación rara del hipertiroidismo, con riesgo 10 veces mayor de aparecer durante el embarazo. El término "tormenta" describe la intensidad de la manifestación clínica y la significativa concentración de tiroxina (T4) y tri-yodotironina (T3). CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 25 años, con embarazo de 29 semanas, control prenatal deficiente, enviada al Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal de Lima, Perú, por taquicardia fetal. A la exploración clínica se encontró: frecuencia cardiaca de 161 latidos por minuto, frecuencia cardiaca fetal de 178; piel caliente, exoftalmos bilateral, uñas de Plumer, bocio difuso 3N bilateral, ingurgitación yugular bilateral, estertores crepitantes bilaterales de predominio en ambas bases y edema en los miembros inferiores. De acuerdo con los criterios de Burch y Wartofsky, se estimó un puntaje de 60 para establecer el diagnóstico de tormenta tiroidea. Se indicaron fármacos antitiroideos, betabloqueadores y medidas de soporte. La paciente tuvo amenaza de parto pretérmino y taquicardia fetal persistente, por lo que se programó para cesárea de urgencia. La evolución para la madre y su hijo fue satisfactoria. CONCLUSIONES: El tamizaje para hipertiroidismo en pacientes embarazadas con antecedentes personales y síntomas relacionados es la mejor medida de prevención de la tormenta tiroidea. La sospecha de tormenta tiroidea debe tratarse de manera inmediata, por un equipo multidisciplinario. El bienestar fetal debe evaluarse continuamente y estimar el tiempo de finalización del embarazo, además de considerar si existen indicaciones poco satisfactorias en cuanto al tratamiento indicado.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Thyroid storm is a rare complication of hyperthyroidism, with 10 times greater risk of developing during pregnancy. The term "storm" describes the intensity of the clinical manifestation and the significant concentration of thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3). CLINICAL CASE: Woman of 25 years with a gestational age of 29 weeks with poor prenatal control, referred to our institution due to fetal tachycardia. Clinically, he had a heart rate of up to 161 per minute, a fetal heart rate of 178, hot skin, bilateral exophthalmos, Plumer's nails, bilateral 3N diffuse goiter, bilateral jugular vein enlargement, bilateral lung crepitations with predominance of bases, lower limb edema. He presented a score of 60 on the Burch and Wartofsky criteria for thyroid storm. Antithyroid drugs, beta blockers and support measures were established. Patient developed a threat of preterm delivery and persistent fetal tachycardia, so an emergency caesarean section was indicated. CONCLUSIONS: Screening for hyperthyroidism in pregnant women with a personal history and symptoms is the best measure of thyroid storm prevention. The suspicion of thyroid storm should be treated immediately by a multidisciplinary team. Fetal well-being should be evaluated continuously and determine the end of pregnancy if there are fetal indications or the mother does not respond to the treatment established.

Thyroid storm: Is there a role for thyroid function test?

@#Introduction: Thyroid storm (TS) is an endocrine emergency. Early diagnosis for prompt treatment is essential as it has a high mortality rate. Case Report: A 31-year-old lady with underlying hyperthyroidism, dilated cardiomyopathy with severe mitral regurgitation presented with shortness of breath. She was intubated and admitted due to decreasing Glasgow Coma Score. Her blood investigations revealed increased white cell count, raised free thyroxine with suppressed thyroid stimulating hormone, deranged liver, renal and coagulation profiles. As her condition did not improve with initial treatment, plasmapheresis was commenced on day 4. Biochemically, her thyroid function test (TFT) showed improvement; however, she succumbed due to multi-organ failure. Discussion: Plasmapheresis is considered in TS if there is no clinical improvement within 24-48 hours of initial treatment. The improvement in patient’s TFT post plasmapheresis signifies its role in treating TS. Unfortunately, there was a delay in commencing plasmapheresis due to haemodynamic instability in this patient.

Tormenta tiroidea, una emergencia endócrina. Presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Thyroid storm, an endocrine emergency. Case report and literature review

Resumen La tormenta tiroidea es un estado crítico y poco frecuente que condiciona la disfunción de multiples órganos por el efecto del exceso de las hormonas tiroideas, esta disfunción endocrina tiene una elevada mortalidad y genera manifestaciones típicas como la taquicardia, fiebre, alteraciones gastrointestinales, cardiovasculares y del sistema nervioso central. El diagnóstico es fundamentalmente clínico y puede apoyarse por la escala de Burch y Wartofsky. Las concentraciones séricas de las hormonas tiroideas no tienen correlación con la severidad de los síntomas, pero su medición es útil para confirmarei diagnóstico. Otras pruebas que pueden ayudar a complementar el diagnóstico son: el ultrasonido de tiroides, la obtención de marcadores cardiacos y la valoración de la función hepática y renal. Usualmente se identifica algún factor que desencadena la exacerbación de la tirotoxicosis, aunque en casos excepcionales, la tormenta tiroidea también puede ser la manifestación inicial de alguna patología de tiroides. Las estrategias terapéuticas están encaminadas a inhibir la síntesis y la liberación de hormonas tiroideas, así como a reducir la concentración y los efectos periféricos de éstas, sin olvidar el tratamiento del factor desencadenante.

Abstract The thyroid storm is a critical and rare disease, which conditions the dysfunction of multiple organs due to the excessive effect of thyroid hormones. This endocrine dysfunction has a high mortality and generates typical manifestations such as tachycardia, fever, gastrointestinal alterations, and cardiovascular and neurological disorders. The diagnosis is primarily clinical andean be supported by the scale of "Burch and Wartofsky". Serum concentrations of thyroid hormones are not correlated with the severity of the symptoms, but their assessment is useful to confirm the diagnosis. Other tests that may help complement the diagnosis are thyroid ultrasound, cardiac markers, and assessment of liver and kidney function. It is usually possible to identify a triggering factor, although in exceptional cases, the thyroid storm may also be the initial manifestation of some thyroid pathology. Therapeutic strategies are aimed at inhibiting the synthesis and the release of thyroid hormones as well as reducing their concentration and peripheral effects, without forgetting the treatment of the triggering factor.

ST-segment elevation in acute cholecystitis with uncontrolled hyperthyroidism

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>SYNOPSIS:</strong> A variety of non-cardiac conditions have been reported to present with ischemic heart disease clinically and electrocardiographically like cholecystitis which leads to nonspecific T-wave inversions or ST-segment depressions, rarely  it  leads  to  ST-segment  elevation.<br /><strong>CLINICAL PRESENTATION:</strong> We  report  a  case  of  a  58-year-old,male,  hypertensive,  diabetic,  and  with  hyperthyroidism on  medication.  Patient  presents  with  two  weeks history of  epigastric  pain  associated  with  nausea  and  vomiting.Symptoms spontaneously resolved until one day prior to admission  patient  developed  persistent  abdominal  pain.Patient  was  seen  at  a  local  hospital  wherein  work-up was  done  which  showed  leukocytosis  on  CBC, hydrops of  gallbladder  on  ultrasound. Further work-up were anteroseptal wall ST elevation on ECG with negative cardiac enzymes. Patient was advised transfer to our institution.  <br /><strong>PHYSICAL FINDINGS:</strong> Pertinent  Physical  exam  includes tachycardia, epigastric tenderness and positive Murphy's sign. During the course, patient developed fever and jaundice.  <br /><strong>LABORATORY WORK-UP:</strong> Repeat CBC still showed leukocytosis with  neutrophilia.  Repeat  electrocardiogram  showed anteroseptal  wall  ST  elevation  with  negative  Troponin.Echocardiogram showed adequate ejection fraction and adequate  wall  motion  contractility.Thyroid  function  test showed  increased  FT4  and  decreased  TSH.<br /><strong>TREATMENT:</strong> Patient was initially started with acute coronary syndrome  regimen.  Antibiotics  were  initiated  and  anti-thyroid and anti-diabetes drugs were adjusted accordingly.There  was  noted  progressive  abdominal  pain; hence, patient  was  referred  to  surgery.  Patient  was  cardio-pulmonary  and  endocrinologically  prepared  and  cleared  for  the  procedure.    Patient  tolerated  the  procedure.<br /><strong>OUTCOME:</strong> Patient  was  discharged  improved  with  noted improvement  of  the  electrocardiogram.</p>

A Case of Acute Cerebral Infarction and Thyroid Storm Associated with Moyamoya Disease

Coexistence of moyamoya disease and Graves' disease is rare. A 41-year-old woman presented with symptoms of left-sided hemiparesis and dysarthria. Magnetic resonance imaging and angiography revealed acute infarction of the right thalamus and occipital lobe with complete obstruction of the distal internal carotid arteries and obstruction of the right P2. Free thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and TSH receptor antibody levels were 79.33 pmol/L, 0.007 uIU/mL, and 151.5 u/L, respectively. She received antiplatelet therapy and standard antithyroid drug dose. After admission, seizure and unexplained fever occurred. The thyroid storm score (Burch and Wartofsky scale) was 90 points. After intensive treatment, mental status and thyrotoxicosis-related symptoms ameliorated and vital signs stabilized. We describe a case of thyroid storm following cerebrovascular ischemic events in a Korean woman with moyamoya disease and Graves' disease. Thyroid storm combined with cerebrovascular events can lead to severe morbidity and mortality. Prompt recognition and strict management are crucial.

ST-segment elevation in acute cholecystitis with uncontrolled hyperthyroidism

SYNOPSIS: A variety of non-cardiac conditions have been reported to present with ischemic heart disease clinically and electrocardiographically like cholecystitis which leads to nonspecific T-wave inversions or ST-segment depressions, rarely  it  leads  to  ST-segment  elevation.CLINICAL PRESENTATION: We  report  a  case  of  a  58-year-old,male,  hypertensive,  diabetic,  and  with  hyperthyroidism on  medication.  Patient  presents  with  two  weeks history of  epigastric  pain  associated  with  nausea  and  vomiting.Symptoms spontaneously resolved until one day prior to admission  patient  developed  persistent  abdominal  pain.Patient  was  seen  at  a  local  hospital  wherein  work-up was  done  which  showed  leukocytosis  on  CBC, hydrops of  gallbladder  on  ultrasound. Further work-up were anteroseptal wall ST elevation on ECG with negative cardiac enzymes. Patient was advised transfer to our institution.  PHYSICAL FINDINGS: Pertinent  Physical  exam  includes tachycardia, epigastric tenderness and positive Murphy's sign. During the course, patient developed fever and jaundice.  LABORATORY WORK-UP: Repeat CBC still showed leukocytosis with  neutrophilia.  Repeat  electrocardiogram  showed anteroseptal  wall  ST  elevation  with  negative  Troponin.Echocardiogram showed adequate ejection fraction and adequate  wall  motion  contractility.Thyroid  function  test showed  increased  FT4  and  decreased  TSH.TREATMENT: Patient was initially started with acute coronary syndrome  regimen.  Antibiotics  were  initiated  and  anti-thyroid and anti-diabetes drugs were adjusted accordingly.There  was  noted  progressive  abdominal  pain; hence, patient  was  referred  to  surgery.  Patient  was  cardio-pulmonary  and  endocrinologically  prepared  and  cleared  for  the  procedure.    Patient  tolerated  the  procedure.OUTCOME: Patient  was  discharged  improved  with  noted improvement  of  the  electrocardiogram.

Endocrine emergencies / Emergencias endocrinas

Endocrine emergencies such as thyroid storm and diabetic ketoacidosis should be considered life-threatening disease processes in the obstetric population. Diagnosis requires a high clinical suspicion with prompt initiation of treatment, supportive care and intervention. A multidisciplinary team of specialists, including maternal fetal medicine, endocrinology, medical intensivist, neonatologists and anesthesiology should be assembled to achieve the best out-comes for mother and baby.

Las emergencias endocrinas, tales como la tormenta tiroidea y la cetoacidosis diabética, deben ser consideradas como procesos mórbidos que ponen en riesgo la vida de la población obstétrica. El diagnóstico requiere gran sospecha clínica e inicio inmediato del tratamiento, soporte clínico e intervención. Se debe organizar un equipo multidisciplinario de especialistas que incluyan la medicina maternofetal, endocrinología, intensivista médico, neonatólogos y anestesiólogos, de manera de lograr el mejor resultado para la madre y el bebe.

Plasma separación en el manejo de la tormenta tiroidea: reporte de un caso / Plasma separation in the management of the thyroid storm: report of a case

Considerada como la forma de presentación más severa del hipertiroidismo, la tormenta tiroidea es una condición clínica en la cual el estado severo de tirotoxicosis puede tener repercusiones hemodinámicas importantes que pueden poner en peligro la vida de los pacientes. Se reporta un caso clínico de un paciente masculino de 41 años conocido portador de enfermedad de Graves con tratamiento irregular el cual ingresa al servicio de emergencias con un cuadro de dolor torácico atípico, evidenciándose una arritmia cardiaca por fibrilación atrial y al examen físico con exoftalmos bilateral, franca atrofia muscular y presencia de bocio grado II. El cuadro clínico evoluciona de forma tórpida a una insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva y posteriormente a uso de vasopresores e intubación endotraqueal. Dada la necesidad de disminuir rápidamente la fracción libre de la hormona tiroidea, asociando mediacamentos antitiroideos se decide iniciar terapia con plasmaseparación.

Considered as the most severe form of hyperthyroidism, thyroid storm is a clinical condition in which the severe state of thyrotoxicosis can lead to important hemodynamic repercussions that can be life threatening. We report a case of a 41-year-old male patient known to have Graves Disease with an irregular medical control that presents to the emergency department complaining of atypical chest pain, associating the presence of cardiac arrhythmia due to atrial fibrillation, with evident bilateral exophthalmos, severe muscular atrophy and a grade II goiter. His condition worsens to a severe heart failure and afterwards to use of vasopressors and endotracheal intubation. Given the need to reduce rapidly the free fraction of the thyroid hormones, in association with antithyroid medications, the decision was to start therapy with plasma separation.

Tormenta tiroidea: una urgencia endocrinológica / Thyroid storm: an endocrinological urgency

Thyroid storm is a rare and potentially fatal disease characterized by severe clinical manifestations of thyrotoxicosis. The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves's disease (GD) and infections are the most important precipitating factor. A woman of 33 years with history of hyperthyroidism, hypertension and morbid obesity. She was treated with propylthiouracil for one year, and then suspended controls and treatment 2 years ago. Consult for 2 weeks characterized by dyspnea, cough and expectoration, plus an episode of generalized tonic-clonic seizure. In postictal state, persists with dyspnea and chest pain, which is brought to the emergency room. It is hypotensive, with fever and tachycardia, SatO2 60% on room air. It is intubated and connected to invasive mechanical ventilation. It evolves with monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, requiring cardioversion twice, recovering sinus rhythm. Imaging studies reported bilateral lung disease. CT scan brain and lumbar punture are normal. As is treated as septic shock lung focus. Among its tests: TSH 0.01 mIU/L, T4 T 23.9 ug/dL, T4L 4.77 ng/dL, T3 5.38 ng/ml, with Wartofsky Score: 90. It is managed as TS, treatment is initiated with methimazole, Propranolol, Hydrocortisone. Thyroid ultrasound shows: Goiter with cold nodules. In addition has positive TRAb. She recovers both of system cardiovascular and their respiratory infection. The patient is prepared with amiodarone and lugol for total thyroidectomy. Concordant biopsy with GD.

Impending Thyroid Storm – An Alarming Manifestation in Unidentified Hyperthyroidism–A Case Report

A 46-year-old male patient, who underwent decortication with right poster lateral thoracotomy developed atrial fibrillation in the postoperative period, which was identified with continuous ECG monitoring. He was managed with parenteral beta blockers, hydrocortisone, oxygenation and IV fluids. The patient was investigated thoroughly for the cause of atrial fibrillation in addition to the preoperative evaluation. As the patient had no obvious risk factors such as cardiac failure, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, rheumatic heart disease or alcoholic intoxication he was ultimately assessed for the thyroid function. The thyroid profile showed extremely low levels of thyrotropin (TSH) with elevated T3, T4 levels. Patient was treated with carbimazole and Propranolol to which he responded.

Persistent intraoperative sinus tachycardia: threat of thyroid storm? A case report.

Sinus tachycardia in a patient undergoing surgery under general anaesthesia is not an uncommon experience in anaesthesia practice. Causes of intraoperative sinus tachycardia can be multi-factorial. Operative causes are pain, surgical stimulation and light depth of anaesthesia. Pharmacological factors include administration of catecholamines, atropine, or ketamine. Medical factors such as sepsis, hypovolaemia, heart failure, anaemia, and thyrotoxicosis should also be considered. We report a case of inadequately controlled hyperthyroidism undergoing surgery for a spinal cord tumour under general anaesthesia who developed unexplained tachycardia intraoperatively.

Anesthetic management of thyrotoxicosis patient using total intravenous anesthesia: A case report

It is uncommon that anesthesiologists experience patients with thyroid storms. In our case, the patient had been medicated for 5 years, however, she developed agranulocytosis. Anti-thyroid drugs were stopped and hyperthyroidism progressed. Her symptoms and laboratory results revealed manifestation of thyroid storm: TSH of 7.77 ng/dl, T3 of 403.1 ng/dl, and T4 of 22.15 microg/dl. The euthyroid state had not been achieved before the surgery. From the judgment of difficulty controls of hyperthyroidism, the surgeon requested for an emergency operation. We report a case of total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil which achieved hemodynamic stability.

A Case of Thyroid Storm with Delayed Diagnosis in Old Aged Person with Parkinson's Disease

A thyroid storm is a potentially fatal complication of hyperthyroidism. Early diagnosis and treatment is essential for reducing morbidity and mortality. Older patients with hyperthyroidism tend to have fewer hypermetabolic signs and increased signs of weight loss, depression, lethargy, cardiac arrhythmia, and apathetic mood. Additionally, comorbid diseases and drug history can affect thyroid function and symptoms. Here, we report an older patient with a thyroid storm and accompanied features of Parkinson's disease. She presented with generalized weakness, delirium, and anxiety. Laboratory findings were consistent with hyperthyroidism. She became drowsy with no precipitating factors. High fever, meningism, and atrial fibrilation occurred with no obvious sources. Suspecting a diagnosis of a thyroid storm, she was treated with an antithyroid drug, Lugol's solution, hydrocortisone, and supportive management. After these treatments, her clinical condition recovered and the neurological signs resolved.

A Patient of Thyroid Storm with Neurological Manifestations and MRI Abnormalities

Thyrotoxicosis autoimmune encephalopathy (TAE) and Hashimoto's encephalopathy (HE) are steroid responsive disorders of persistent or relapsing neurological or neuropsychological deficits associated with elevated serum concentrations of an antithyroid antibody. Most patients with TAE or HE are reported to have normal brain imaging findings at the time of presentation. We report here a rare case of TAE in whom brain MRI abnormalities were associated with clinical manifestations of thyroid storm.

Tormenta tiroidea asociada a cetoacidosis diabética

Objetivo: Presentación de un caso clínico de coexistencia de tirotoxicosis y cetoacidosis diabética en infancia Métodos: Además de la historia clínica, se realizaron estudios para evaluar su condición endocrino-metabólica: niveles séricos de hormonas tiroideas, hematología, electrolitos y gases arteriales, captación de 131I y gammagrafía tiroidea. Resultados: Escolar femenina de 10 años de edad, ingresó en malas condiciones generales, taquipneica, deshidratada con historia de pérdida de 10 Kg. en el último mes. Antecedente de hipertiroidismo desde los 5 años de edad, razón por la cual recibe metimazol en forma irregular desde hace dos años. En el examen clínico se constató deshidratación y síntomas/ signos sugestivos de tirotoxicosis. El análisis de laboratorio reportó niveles séricos de T3L y T4L anormalmente elevados, hiperglucemia en ayunas (712 mg/dL); cetonuria (++++) e hipokalemia. Con los hallazgos clínicos y bioquímicos se hizo el diagnóstico de enfermedad de Graves, tormenta tiroidea, diabetes mellitus-1 complicada con cetoacidosis diabética. Se corrigió el desequilibrio hidroelectrolítico y se inició insulinoterapia horaria, además de corticoesteroides y antagonistas b-adrenérgicos. Corregida la cetoacidosis y normalizada la función tiroidea, se administraron 11mCi de yodo radioactivo. La paciente evolucionó satisfactoriamente y fue dada de alta para control ambulatorio. Conclusiones: En el presente caso se reporta la rara coexistencia de dos entidades clínicas de etiología autoinmune en la infancia y se hace revisión de la literatura.

Objective: To present a clinical report of the coexistence of tirotoxicosis and diabetic ketoacidosis in childhood. Methods: Besides the clinical history, different studies were performed in order to evaluate her endocrine and metabolic conditions: thyroid hormone serum levels, hemathology, serum electrolites and arterial blood gases. Thyroid gammagraphy and radioiodine uptake of the thyroid gland were performed. Results: A 10-year-old school-girl, admitted in poor general conditions, with a weight loss of 10 kg in the last month. With a previous history of hyperthyroidism since she was 5 years old, receiving irregular treatment with methimazole in the last two years. Dehidration, and thyrotoxicosis were evident on clinical examination. Laboratory measurements reported serum free-T3 and free-T4 levels abnormally high; fasting hyperglucemia (712 mg/dL); excessive urine ketone bodies, and hypokalemia. Based on clinical and biochemical features the admission diagnosis were Graves disease, thyroid storm, and type 1-diabetes mellitus, complicated with diabetic ketoacidosis. Dehydration and electrolyte disorder were corrected, and insulin hourly regimen was initiated, plus corticosteroids and b-adrenergic antagonists. Once the ketoacidosis and the thyroid function were normalized, 11mCi of radioiodine was administered. Hyperthyroidism was controlled, and the patient was discharged in good control, to be followed in the outpatient clinic. Conclusions: We report a patient with the coexistence of two clinical entities of rare presentation in childhood, both of them with a autoimmune substratum; we review the existence of similar cases in the literature.

A case of rhabdomyolysis developed in patient with thyroid storm / 대한내과학회지

Rhabdomyolysis is defined as skeletal muscle injury with release of muscle cell constituents into the plasma. Trauma and drugs are important causes of rhabdomyolysis and not rarely it is associated with metabolic disorders such as diabetic coma, severe electrolyte disturbances and myxedema coma. There are a few reports about rhabdomyolysis developed in patient with thyroid storm. which is defined as a sudden, life threatening exacerbation of thyrotoxicosis. In this report, we described the case of thyroid storm complicated by rhabdomyolysis.

A Case of Thyroid Storm Due to Thyrotoxicosis Factitia

We describe a case of thyroid storm due to thyrotoxicosis factitia, which was caused by the ingestion of excessive quantities of exogenous thyroid hormone for the purpose of reducing weight. An 18-year-old female was admitted to the hospital 24 hours after taking up to 50 tablets of synthyroid (1 tablet of synthyroid : levothyroxine 100 microgram). Because of her stuporous mental state and acute respiratory failure, she was intubated and treated in the intensive care unit. After reviewing her history carefully and examining plasma thyroid hormone levels, we diagnosed this case as a thyroid storm due to thyrotoxicosis factitia. Her thyroid function test revealed that T3 was 305 ng/dL, T4 was 24.9 microgram/dl, FT4 was 7.7 ng/dL, TSH was 0.05 micro IU/mL and TBG was 12.84 microgram/mL (normal range: 11.3 - 28.9). TSH receptor antibody, antimicrosomal antibody, and antithyroglobulin antibody were negative. She was recovered by treatment, namely, steroid and propranolol, and was discharged 8 days after admission. Thyroid storm due to thyrotoxicosis factitia caused by the ingestion of excessive thyroid hormone is rarely reported worldwide. Therefore, we now report a case of thyroid storm that resulted from thyrotoxicosis factitia caused by the ingestion of a massive amount of thyroid hormone over a period of 6 months.